Large-scale structure formation and the physical processes governing galaxy evolution in high density environments are important open issues. Direct look-back studies of the progenitors of galaxy clusters enable to address these questions. The unprecedented combination of area and depth of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program (HSC-SSP) allows us, for the first time, to study protoclusters systematically even at high redshifts. Based on HSC-SSP, augmented with u-band imaging from CLAUDS, we constructed a large sample of protocluster candidates at z∼3−5 in the ∼26 deg2 Deep layer. A pilot follow-up spectroscopy confirmed three protoclusters at z∼3 and found some hints of their physical features. We now propose further follow-up spectroscopy for the three protoclusters in order to unveil physical conditions causing environmental difference of galaxy properties. Our proposed FOCAS observations will reveal the relation between the internal structure of protoclusters and the physical properties of member galaxies. Combining the physical properties of protocluster members derived by multi-wavelength data, we will distill the environmental impact on early galaxy evolution in protoclusters at z∼3.
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